This review summarizes our current understanding of translation in prokaryotes, focusing on
the mechanistic and structural aspects of each phase of translation: initiation, elongation …

Structures of the bacterial ribosome have provided a framework for understanding universal
mechanisms of protein synthesis. However, the eukaryotic ribosome is much larger than it is …

In bacteria, transcription and translation take place in the same cellular compartment.
Therefore, a messenger RNA can be translated as it is being transcribed, a process known …

Initiation of mRNA translation is a major checkpoint for regulating level and fidelity of protein
synthesis. Being rate limiting in protein synthesis, translation initiation also represents the …

The initiation of bacterial translation involves the tightly regulated joining of the 50S
ribosomal subunit to an initiator transfer RNA (fMet-tRNAfMet)-containing 30S ribosomal …

In bacterial translational initiation, three initiation factors (IFs 1–3) enable the selection of
initiator tRNA and the start codon in the P site of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Here, we report …

Protein synthesis occurs on macromolecular machines, called ribosomes. Bacterial
ribosomes and the translational machinery represent one of the major targets for antibiotics …

During eukaryotic translation initiation, initiator tRNA does not insert fully into the P decoding
site on the 40S ribosomal subunit. This conformation (P OUT) is compatible with scanning …

Eukaryotic translation initiation begins with assembly of a 43S preinitiation complex. First,
methionylated initiator methionine transfer RNA (Met-tRNA i Met), eukaryotic initiation factor …

Accurate protein synthesis (translation) relies on translation factors that rectify ribosome
fluctuations into a unidirectional process. Understanding this process requires structural …