Drug addiction may be a goal-directed choice driven by excessive drug value in negative
affective states, a habit driven by strong stimulus− response associations, or a compulsion …

In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this
clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug …

Stress is a well‐known risk factor in the development of addiction and in addiction relapse
vulnerability. A series of population‐based and epidemiological studies have identified …

Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder. Major characteristics observed in alcoholics
during an initial period of alcohol abstinence are altered physiological functions and a …

Research involving animal models of drug addiction can be viewed as a sort of reverse
psychiatry. Contrary to clinicians who seek to treat addicted people to become and remain …

Rationale and background High relapse rates during abstinence are a pervasive problem in
drug addiction treatment. Relapse is often associated with stress exposure, which can …

Background and rationale Epidemiological evidence suggests that people who begin
experimenting with drugs of abuse during early adolescence are more likely to develop …

Drug addiction is a progressive, relapsing disease comprised of interlocking stages of
disordered motivation. Numerous animal models describing various stages of the addiction …

Recent attempts to model the addiction process in rodents have focused on cocaine self-
administration procedures that provide extended daily access. Such procedures produce a …

Studies reviewed here implicate the extended amygdala in the negative affective states and
increased drug-seeking that occur during protracted abstinence from chronic drug exposure …