Thirty years ago, the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) was thought to require the
presence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), as a reliable and sensitive marker of hepatitis B …

Eight genotypes of hepatitis B virus (A–H) are currently recognized, and subgenotypes have
recently been described in four of these genotypes (A, B, C and F). The genotypes show a …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of human hepatitis. There is considerable
uncertainty about the timescale of its evolution and its association with humans. Here we …

YMDD variants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) emerge in some patients with chronic hepatitis B
who receive lamivudine. YMDD variants were examined in 794 patients in 4 controlled …

Chronic inflammation is a prerequisite for the development of cancers. Here, we present the
framework of a novel theory termed as Cancer Evolution-Development (Cancer Evo-Dev) …

In 1988, it was reported that the full nucleotide sequences of 18 hepatitis B virus (HBV)
strains clustered into four genetic groups (A to D) with more than 8% divergence between …

Hallmarks of the hepadnavirus replication cycle are the formation of covalently closed
circular DNA (cccDNA) and the reverse transcription of a pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) in core …

The spread and origins of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human populations have been the
subject of extensive investigations, not least because of the importance this information …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is widely distributed in both human and ape populations
throughout the world and is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. HBV variants …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major global public health problems. In India, HBsAg
prevalence among general population ranges from 2% to 8%, placing India in intermediate …