Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both
the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex …

Neurons that synthesize and release 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) express a core
set of genes that establish and maintain this neurotransmitter phenotype and distinguish …

In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this
clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug …

The role of stress in the origin and development of depression may be conceived as the
result of multiple converging factors, including the chronic effect of environmental stressors …

Questions of how altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) …

Epidemiologic studies indicate that children exposed to early adverse experiences are at
increased risk for the development of depression, anxiety disorders, or both. Persistent …

The effects of adrenal corticosteroids on subsequent adrenocorticotropin secretion are
complex. Acutely (within hours), glucocorticoids (GCs) directly inhibit further activity in the …

Negative social experiences during adolescence are central features for several stress-
related mental illnesses. Social play fighting behavior in rats peaks during early …

Since corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was first characterized, a growing family of ligands
and receptors has evolved. The mammalian family members include CRF, urocortinI (UcnI) …

Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)–urocortin (UCN) system has been
implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. It has been …