Estrogens and androgens influence the growth and maintenance of the mammalian
skeleton and are responsible for its sexual dimorphism. Estrogen deficiency at menopause …

Bone is a multi-skilled tissue, protecting major organs, regulating calcium phosphate
balance and producing hormones. Its development during childhood determines height and …

Androgens and estrogens are known to be critical regulators of mammalian physiology and
development. While these two classes of steroids share similar structures (in general …

Osteoporosis is a significant public health problem, and a major cause of the disease is
estrogen deficiency following menopause in women. In addition, considerable evidence …

Osteoporosis is one of the major bone disorders that affects both women and men, and
causes bone deterioration and bone strength. Bone remodeling maintains bone mass and …

Estrogens are important for bone metabolism via a variety of mechanisms in osteoblasts,
osteocytes, osteoclasts, immune cells and other cells to maintain bone mineral density …

Sexually dimorphic tissues are formed by cells that are regulated by sex hormones. While a
number of systemic hormones and transcription factors are known to regulate proliferation …

Bone and muscle are required for mobility but they also have endocrine and metabolic
functions. In ageing as well as in many chronic diseases, bone loss and muscle atrophy …

Abstract Purpose of Review To summarise the evidence regarding the effects of gender-
affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on bone health in transgender people, to identify key …

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling leads to cellular responses in several tissues and in
addition to nuclear ERα-mediated effects, membrane ERα (mERα) signaling may be of …