Algae and bacteria have coexisted ever since the early stages of evolution. This coevolution
has revolutionized life on earth in many aspects. Algae and bacteria together influence …

As our planet emerges into a new epoch in which humans dominate the Earth system, it is
imperative that societies initiate a new phase of responsible environmental stewardship …

The Earth has reached a tipping point. Runaway climate change, the sixth great extinction of
planetary life, the acidification of the oceans—all point toward an era of unprecedented …

The ancestors of cyanobacteria generated Earth's first biogenic molecular oxygen, but how
they dealt with oxidative stress remains unconstrained. Here we investigate when …

The recognition that Earth history has been punctuated by supercontinents, the assembly
and breakup of which have profoundly influenced the evolution of the geosphere …

Molecular oxygen (O2) is, and has been, a primary driver of biological evolution and shapes
the contemporary landscape of Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Although “whiffs” of oxygen …

Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. Genes group together in cells, cells
group together in organisms, and organisms group together in societies. Even different …

Glaciers and Glaciation is the classic textbook for all students of glaciation. Stimulating and
accessible, it has established a reputation as a comprehensive and essential resource. In …

The coexistence of divergent (spreading ridge) and convergent (subduction zone) plate
boundaries at which lithosphere is respectively generated and destroyed is the hallmark of …

Abstract The Archean era (4 to 2.5 billion years ago, Ga) yielded rocks that include the
oldest conclusive traces of life as well as many controversial occurrences. Carbonaceous …