Iron metabolism is vital for the survival of both humans and microorganisms. Heme
oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an essential stress-response enzyme highly expressed in the lungs …

New approaches to control tuberculosis (TB) worldwide are needed. In particular, new tools
for diagnosis and new biomarkers are required to evaluate both pathogen and host key …

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the first cells to be infected during Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (M. tb.) infection. Thus, the AM response to infection is the first of many steps …

Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is thought to induce oxidative stress. N-
acetyl-cysteine (NAC) is widely used in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases including …

Lysosomal cathepsin B (CTSB) has been proposed to play a role in the induction of acute
inflammation. We hypothesised that the presence of active CTSB in the cytosol is crucial for …

Significance: Excessive and prolonged proinflammatory responses are associated with
oxidative stress, which is commonly observed during chronic tuberculosis (TB). Such …

Cigarette smoke exposure is a leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), a major health issue characterized by airway inflammation with fibrosis and …

Antibiotic treatment of tuberculosis has a duration of several months. There is significant
variability of the host immune response and the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic …

Background The identification of meaningful biomarkers of tuberculosis (TB) has potential to
improve diagnosis, disease staging and prediction of treatment outcomes. It has been …

Millions of children are exposed to tuberculosis (TB) each year, many of which become
infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most children can immunologically contain or …