This article reviews the various models that have been used to describe the relationships
between gene trees and species trees. Molecular phylogeny has focused mainly on …

Astrobiology is the science that seeks to understand the story of life in our universe.
Astrobiology includes investigation of the conditions that are necessary for life to emerge …

James A. Shapiro proposes an important new paradigm for understanding biological
evolution, the core organizing principle of biology. Shapiro introduces crucial new molecular …

Background Proteinaceous toxins are observed across all levels of inter-organismal and
intra-genomic conflicts. These include recently discovered prokaryotic polymorphic toxin …

How genetic information gained its exquisite control over chemical processes needed to
build living cells remains an enigma. Today, the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) …

Strep. to. my'ces. Gr. adj. streptos pliant, bent; Gr. masc. n. mukês fungus; NL masc. n.
Streptomyces pliant or bent fungus. Actinobacteria/Actinobacteria/Streptomycetales …

Over 20 years ago, the pyrrolysine encoding translation system was discovered in specific
archaea. Our Review provides an overview of how the once obscure pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

The Archaea evolved as one of the three primary lineages several billion years ago, but the
first archaea to be discovered were described in the scientific literature about 130 years ago …

The significance of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in eukaryotic evolution remains
controversial. Although many eukaryotic genes are of bacterial origin, they are often …

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is an important evolutionary process that allows the spread
of innovations between distantly related organisms. We present evidence that prokaryotes …