The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

The Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant component of the intraseasonal (30–
90 days) variability in the tropical atmosphere. It consists of large‐scale coupled patterns in …

Patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) variability on interannual and longer timescales
result from a combination of atmospheric and oceanic processes. These SST anomaly …

Beginning from the hypothesis by Bjerknes [1969] that ocean‐atmosphere interaction was
essential to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, the Tropical Ocean …

The 1997–98 El Niño was, by some measures, the strongest on record, with major climatic
impacts felt around the world. A newly completed tropical Pacific atmosphere-ocean …

Ocean circulation redistributes Earth's energy and water masses and influences global
climate. Under historical greenhouse warming, regional ocean currents show diverse …

The origins of the delayed increases in global surface temperature accompanying El Niño
events and the implications for the role of diabatic processes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation …

A hierarchy of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction schemes has been
developed during the Tropical Ocean‐Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program which includes …

The seasonal cycle can contribute to the irregularity and phase-locking of ENSO, and the
intraseasonal variability can be a source of both ENSO's variability and irregularity. Tropical …

This book introduces stochastic dynamical systems theory in order to synthesize our current
knowledge of climate variability. Nonlinear processes, such as advection, radiation and …