Japanese quail originated from the wildlife environment and was first domesticated in Japan
in 1595. Japanese quail has widely distributed in various parts of the world. This bird is …

This brief commentary reviews key steps in the history of steroid endocrinology that have
resulted in important conceptual shifts. Our understanding of the “Fast Effects of Steroids” …

Estradiol (E 2) can act in the brain in a relatively fast manner (ie, seconds to minutes) usually
through signaling initiated at the cell membrane. Brain-derived E 2 has thus been …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is a key biological system required for
reproduction and associated sexual behaviors to occur. In the avian reproductive model of …

Classically, estrogens regulate male sexual behavior through effects initiated in the nucleus.
However, neuroestrogens, ie, estrogens locally produced in the brain, can act within minutes …

Men and women differ, not only in their anatomy but also in their behavior. Research using
animal models has convincingly shown that sex differences in the brain and behavior are …

Many animals engage in spectacular courtship displays, likely recruiting specialized neural,
hormonal and muscular systems to facilitate these performances. Male golden-collared …

Androgens, estrogens, and sex chromosomes are the major influences guiding sex
differences in brain development, yet their relative roles and importance remain unclear …

Clinically, women appear to be more susceptible to certain aspects of substance use
disorders (SUDs). The steroid hormones 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (Pg) have …

Aggressive behaviors are widespread among animals and are critical in the competition for
resources. The physiological mechanisms underlying aggression have mostly been …