Accurate diagnosis of multiple sclerosis requires careful attention to its differential diagnosis—
many disorders can mimic the clinical manifestations and paraclinical findings of this …

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic immune cytokine that belongs to the
TNF superfamily of receptor ligands. The cytokine exists as either a transmembrane or a …

Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is a rare and chronic inflammatory disorder presenting
as localized or diffuse thickening of the dura mater. It can be idiopathic or an unusual …

Central nervous system vasculitis (CNSV) describes a broad category of disorders which
result in intramural inflammation affecting the vasculature within the central nervous system …

Meningeal lesions can be caused by various conditions and pose diagnostic challenges.
The authors review the anatomy of the meninges in the brain and spinal cord to provide a …

Abstract Purpose of Review Neurosarcoidosis is a rare manifestation of sarcoidosis that is
challenging to diagnose. Biopsy confirmation of granulomas is not sufficient, as other …

Introduction Neurosarcoidosis is a rare granulomatous disorder, and treatment guidelines
are mainly based on retrospective studies. Materials and methods This retrospective study …

Objective To evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine/chemokine profile of central
nervous system (CNS) neurosarcoidosis (NS), and its utility in differential diagnosis …

Introduction Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a term that encompasses a wide range of
etiologies from immune-mediated to infectious. Management and prognosis differ for each …

OBJECTIVE This article provides an overview of the imaging modalities used in the
evaluation of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune, paraneoplastic, and neuro …