Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical
attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials …

Heterogeneous cells are the main feature of tumors with unique genetic and phenotypic
characteristics, which can stimulate differentially the progression, metastasis, and drug …

Tumor hypoxia seriously impairs the therapeutic outcomes of type II photodynamic therapy
(PDT), which is highly dependent upon tissue oxygen concentration. Herein, a facile strategy …

In vivo fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) has been
considered as a promising technique for visualizing mammals. However, the definition of the …

Materials with long‐wavelength second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) emission are highly desired
for in vivo dynamic visualizating of microstructures in deep tissues. Herein, by employing an …

Metastasis of breast carcinoma is commonly realized through lymphatic circulation, which
seriously threatens the lives of breast cancer patients. Therefore, efficient therapy for both …

The strategy of synergetic chemodynamic treatment (CDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT)
to improve the anticancer effect has been a hot spot in the field of biomedicine. Herein, a …

The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's diseases and
ulcerative colitis, is increasing by time and showing a trend of younger age. Precise …

Therapeutic tumor vaccines have attracted considerable attention in the past decade; they
can induce tumor regression, eradicate minimal residual disease, establish lasting immune …

High spatial resolution, low background, and deep tissue penetration have made near-
infrared II (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging one of the most critical tools for in vivo observation …