Maternal stress can prenatally influence offspring phenotypes and there are an increasing
number of ecological studies that are bringing to bear biomedical findings to natural …

Fitness costs of reproduction are expected when resources are limited. Costs drive the
evolution of life‐history strategies and can affect population dynamics if females change …

Between-group competition in social animals appears to be a prominent selective pressure
shaping the evolution of territoriality and cooperation [1–4]. Evidence for an effect of …

Understanding population fluctuations is a major goal of population ecology. In
unpredictable marine environments, population variation is thought to be caused primarily …

In female mammals, reproduction, and in particular lactation, is the energetically most
exigent life-history phase. Reproduction is strongly controlled by body reserves and food …

The assumption that reproductive effort decreases somatic state, accelerating ageing, is
central to our understanding of life‐history variation. Maximal reproductive effort early in life …

Reproduction can reduce energy allocation to other life‐history traits such as survival and
growth. Resource constraints give rise to (co) variation in life‐history traits and to …

The cost of current reproduction on survival or future reproduction is one of the most studied
trade‐offs governing resource distribution between fitness components. Results have often …

When resources are limited, organisms face allocation conflicts. Indeterminate growth
creates a persistent conflict with reproduction, as growth may enhance future reproduction …

In long-lived mammals, costs of reproduction may vary with age. The terminal investment
hypothesis predicts greater reproductive effort as females approach the end of their life …