Background The prevalence of doping in competitive sport, and the methods for assessing
prevalence, remain poorly understood. This reduces the ability of researchers, governments …

In the past decade, a body of evidence has reported that dietary supplement use is related to
prohibited performance enhancing substance use (ie, doping). To help international and …

Youth is characterized by testing and crossing natural boundaries, sometimes with the help
of performance-enhancing substances. In this context, doping prevention measures play a …

Background High levels of admitted doping use (43.6% and 57.1%) were reported for two
international sport events in 2011. Because these are frequently referenced in evaluating …

Analgesic medication (ie, painkillers) provides a legal method for athletes to compete
through pain. Masking injury presents the risk of injury exacerbation as well as potential …

Doping prevalence data indicate how many athletes in a specific population are doping.
Prevalence rates serve the legal basis of anti-doping, underpin the principle of …

Background Consumption of medication to alleviate pain is widespread in Germany. Around
1.9 million men and women take analgesics every day; some 1.6 million persons are …

Context: Many clinicians, trainers, and athletes do not have a true understanding of the
effects of commonly used performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) on performance and health …

Painkiller (mis) use in sport presents a range of potential health risks to athletes (eg, injury
exacerbation). There is a lack of qualitative data examining the sociological genesis of …

Background To our knowledge, no previous systematic review and meta-analysis on doping
prevalence in sport from Indirect Estimation Models (IEM) exists. We conducted a systematic …