Built environment stocks (buildings and infrastructures) play multiple roles in our socio-
economic metabolism: they serve as the backbone of modern societies and human well …

Rapid urbanization has driven economic and social development, but it has also led to
continued growth in building energy consumption. It is of great significance to ensure the …

The level of detail (LOD) concept of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0 is intended to
differentiate multi-scale representations of semantic 3D city models. The concept is in …

Abstract Machine learning methods, specifically, convolutional neural networks (CNNs),
have emerged as an integral part of scientific research in many disciplines. However, these …

The building stock is not only a huge consumer of resources (for its construction and
operation), but also represents a significant source for the future supply of metallic and …

Due to financial or administrative constraints, access to official spatial base data is currently
limited to a small subset of all potential users in the field of spatial planning and research …

Elevation datasets (eg point clouds) are an essential but often unavailable ingredient for the
construction of 3D city models. We investigate in this paper to what extent can 3D city …

The building sector consumes large quantities of resources and generates high levels of
construction and demolition (C&D) waste. From an 'urban mining'perspective, the building …

Urban morphology relates to the form, structure, physical characteristics, and arrangement of
buildings affecting the urban microclimate. As the morphological characteristics vary across …

Built-up areas tend to comprise a variety of buildings with diverse and complex shapes,
functions and construction characteristics. This variety is the source of significant challenges …