Retroviruses infect a broad range of vertebrate hosts that includes amphibians, reptiles, fish,
birds and mammals. In addition, a typical vertebrate genome contains thousands of loci …

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is probably the most intensively studied virus in
the history of biomedical research. A large number of distinct isolates have been cloned and …

This standard-setting textbook has defined the field of immunology since 1984, and is now in
its Seventh Edition continuing to deliver the detailed, authoritative, and timely coverage …

The multiple biological activities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are mediated by two distinct
cell surface receptors of 55 kd (TNFRp55) and 75 kd (TNFRp75). Using gene targeting, we …

Retroviral replication involves the formation of a DNA provirus integrated into the host
genome. Through this process, retroviruses can colonize the germ line to form endogenous …

Mammalian genomes have accumulated millions of retrotransposed sequences during
evolution. This material can be divided into long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons that …

This chapter discusses the high mutation frequencies and rapid evolution potential of RNA
viruses. The concepts discussed are applicable to all “ordinary” RNA viruses (riboviruses) …

The vast majority of cortical thymocytes die during T cell development while those that
survive this selective process accumulate in the medulla. bcl-2, an inner mitochondrial …

Publisher Summary This chapter provides evidence that indicates a potential role for
superantigens in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. The term “superantigen” was …

TUMOUR necrosis factor (TNF) elicits multiple biological effects through two distinct cell
surface receptors, TNF-R1 (p55) and TNF-R2 (p75). Most TNF-mediated biological …