Vitamin A (VA) deficiency during pregnancy is common in low‐income countries and a
growing number of intervention trials have examined the effects of supplementation during …

Undernutrition and infection are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the
developing world. These two problems are interrelated. Undernutrition compromises barrier …

ContextTransmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is known to occur
through breastfeeding, but the magnitude of risk has not been precisely defined. Whether …

Vitamin A and related retinoids play an important role in the regulation of immune function.
Vitamin A deficiency compromises immunity, resulting in major morbidity and mortality. The …

Micronutrient deficiencies may be common during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection. Insufficient dietary intake, malabsorption, diarrhoea, and impaired storage and …

To determine the effects of plasma, genital, and breast milk human immunodeficiency virus
type 1 (HIV-1) and breast infections on perinatal HIV-1 transmission, a nested case-control …

ContextUnderstanding the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through
breastfeeding is essential for advising HIV-infected mothers and formulating public health …

Background HIV infection and malnutrition negatively reinforce each other. Objective For
program guidance, to review evidence on the relationship of HIV infection and malnutrition …

Background An understanding of the risk and timing of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1
in the postnatal period is important for the development of public-health strategies. We …

Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) via breast-feeding can occur
throughout lactation. Defining both fluctuation in breast-milk virus level over time and how …