Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

The human retina contains three types of glial cells: microglia and two types of macroglia,
astrocytes and Müller cells. Macroglia provide homeostatic and metabolic support to …

The mammalian retina provides an excellent opportunity to study glia–neuron interactions
and the interactions of glia with blood vessels. Three main types of glial cells are found in …

Neuronal activity results in increased blood flow in the brain, a response named functional
hyperemia. Astrocytes play an important role in mediating this response. Neurotransmitters …

The two major interfaces separating brain and blood have different primary roles. The
choroid plexuses secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles, accounting for most net fluid …

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is one of the most abundant molecules in the brain and is particularly
prevalent in astrocytic membranes at the blood-brain and brain-liquor interfaces. While …

Müller glial cells span the entire thickness of the tissue, and ensheath all retinal neurons, in
vertebrate retinae of all species. This morphological relationship is reflected by a multitude …

Membrane water transport is critically involved in brain volume homeostasis and in the
pathogenesis of brain edema. The cDNA encoding aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel …

The human brain contains two major cell populations, neurons and glia. While neurons are
electrically excitable and capable of discharging short voltage pulses known as action …

Virtually all pathogenic stimuli activate Müller cells. Reactive Müller cells exert protective
and toxic effects on photoreceptors and neurons. They contribute to oxidative stress and …