Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is
activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to …

Since nuclear factor of κ‐light chain of enhancer‐activated B cells (NF‐κB) was discovered
in 1986, extraordinary efforts have been made to understand the function and regulating …

Tubulointerstitial inflammation is a common characteristic of acute and chronic kidney injury.
However, the mechanism by which the initial injury of tubular epithelial cells (TECs) drives …

Despite development in the understanding of the pathogenesis of acute lung injury
(ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the underlying mechanism still needs to …

A coordinated balance between the positive and negative regulation of pattern-recognition
receptor (PRR)-initiated innate inflammatory responses is required to ensure the most …

Macrophages are first responders for the immune system. In this role, they have both effector
functions for neutralizing pathogens and sentinel functions for alerting other immune cells of …

Cytokine signaling represents one of the cornerstones of the immune system, mediating the
complex responses required to facilitate appropriate immune cell development and function …

The NF-κB family of inducible transcription factors is activated in response to a variety of
stimuli. Amongst the best-characterized inducers of NF-κB are members of the TNF family of …

Interleukin (IL)-10 is the most important cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties besides
TGF-β and IL-35. It is produced by activated immune cells, in particular monocytes …