H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become globally widespread in poultry over the last two
decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry but also humans …

SARS-CoV-2 is thought to have originated in the human population from a zoonotic spillover
event. Infection in humans results in a variety of outcomes ranging from asymptomatic cases …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H9 subtype are enzootic in Asia, the Middle East, and parts
of North and Central Africa, where they cause significant economic losses to the poultry …

Vaccination is a crucial prevention and control measure against H9N2 avian influenza
viruses (AIVs) that threaten poultry production and public health. However, H9N2 AIVs in …

In China, H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become widely prevalent in poultry, causing
huge economic losses after secondary infection with other pathogens. Importantly, H9N2 …

Based on differences in the amino acid sequence of the protein haemagglutinin (HA), the
H9N2 avian influenza virus (H9N2 virus) has been clustered into multiple lineages, and its …

The H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been circulating in China for more
than 20 years, attracting more and more attention due to the potential threat of them. At …

Receptor recognition and binding is the first step of viral infection and a key determinant of
host specificity. The inability of avian influenza viruses to effectively bind human-like …

Background In early 2020, a novel H9N2 AIV immune escape variant emerged in South
China and rapidly spread throughout mainland China. The effectiveness of the current H9N2 …

ABSTRACT Sub-Saharan Africa was historically considered an animal influenza cold spot,
with only sporadic highly pathogenic H5 outbreaks detected over the last 20 years …