Apoptosis is a form of cell death by which the body maintains the homeostasis of the internal
environment. Apoptosis is an initiative cell death process that is controlled by genes and is …

In the vascular wall, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by several enzyme
systems including NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide …

Abstract Copper oxide nanoparticles (Nano-CuO) toxicity has been researched widely in
recent years. However, the relationship between oxidative stress and ER-stress and the …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle, storing the majority of calcium and
governing protein translation. Thus, it is crucial to keep the homeostasis in all ER …

Virus infection induces different cellular responses in infected cells. These include cellular
stress responses like autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR). Both autophagy and …

Solid tumors typically develop hostile microenvironments characterized by irregular
vascularization and poor oxygen (O 2) and nutrient supply. Whereas normal cells modulate …

Despite advances in neurosurgical techniques and radio-/chemotherapy, the treatment of
brain tumors remains a challenge. This is particularly true for the most frequent and fatal …

The crystalline lens plays an important role in the refractive vision of vertebrates by
facilitating variable fine focusing of light onto the retina. Loss of lens transparency, or …

Cataract, the clinical correlate of opacity or light scattering in the eye lens, is usually caused
by the presence of high-molecular-weight (HMW) protein aggregates or disruption of the …

Neurodegenerative diseases with distinct genetic etiologies and pathological phenotypes
appear to share common mechanisms of neuronal cellular dysfunction, including …