The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic has generated an explosion
of interest both in the mechanisms of infection leading to dissemination and expression of …

The pleiotropic role of vitamin D has been explored over the past decades and there is
compelling evidence for an epidemiological association between poor vitamin D status and …

Regulation of immune function continues to be one of the most well recognized extraskeletal
actions of vitamin D. This stemmed initially from the discovery that antigen presenting cells …

Macrophages promote an early host response to infection by releasing pro-inflammatory
cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), TNF, and IL-6. The bioactivity of IL-1β is classically …

Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with
increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are fundamental sensor molecules of the host innate immune
system, which detect conserved molecular signatures of a wide range of microbial …

Since its discovery in 1920, a great deal of effort has gone into investigating the
physiological actions of vitamin D and the impact its deficiency has on human health …

Vitamin D signaling plays an essential role in innate defense against intracellular
microorganisms via the generation of the antimicrobial protein cathelicidin. In addition to …

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection typically have
hypovitaminosis D, which is linked to a large number of pathologies, including immune …

Aging can be seen as a physiological progression of biomolecular damage and the
accumulation of defective cellular components, which trigger and amplify the process …