Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic
plasticity, and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful …

Injury to or disease of the nervous system can invoke chronic and sometimes intractable
neuropathic pain. Many parallel, interdependent, and time-dependent processes, including …

Females greatly outnumber males as sufferers of chronic pain. Although social and
psychological factors certainly play a role in the differences in prevalence and incidence …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Previous studies have shown that activation of p38 mitogen-activating kinase (MAPK) in
spinal microglia participates in the generation of inflammatory and neuropathic pain in …

The detection and processing of painful stimuli in afferent sensory neurons is critically
dependent on a wide range of different types of voltage-and ligand-gated ion channels …

Treating pain is one of the most difficult challenges in medicine and a key facet of disease
management. The isolation of morphine by Friedrich Sertürner in 1804 added an essential …

Peripheral nerve injuries induce a pronounced immune reaction within the spinal cord,
largely governed by microglia activation in both the dorsal and ventral horns. The …

Activation of purinergic receptors in the spinal cord by extracellular ATP is essential for
neuropathic hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury (PNI). However, the cell type …

Accumulating evidence suggests that activation of spinal microglia contributes to the
development of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. However, the role of spinal microglia in …