Oxidative stress is an important pathomechanism found in numerous ocular degenerative
diseases. To provide a better understanding of the mechanism and treatment of …

Epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an emerging and fast-developing
field of research. Compared to regulation of nucler DNA, mechanisms of mtDNA epigenetic …

During ageing, muscle stem-cell regenerative function declines. At advanced geriatric age,
this decline is maximal owing to transition from a normal quiescence into an irreversible …

Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a catabolic membrane trafficking
process that degrades a variety of cellular constituents and is associated with human …

The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem comprised of many different cell types,
abnormal vasculature and immunosuppressive cytokines. The irregular growth kinetics with …

Apoptotic cells have long been considered as intrinsically tolerogenic or unable to elicit
immune responses specific for dead cell-associated antigens. However, multiple stimuli can …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

In response to different environmental stresses, eIF2α phosphorylation represses global
translation coincident with preferential translation of ATF4, a master regulator controlling the …

Skeletal muscle is a plastic organ that is maintained by multiple pathways regulating cell
and protein turnover. During muscle atrophy, proteolytic systems are activated, and …

The lysosome is a degradative organelle, and its fusion with other organelles is strictly
regulated. In contrast to fusion with the late endosome, the mechanisms underlying …