The prevalence and intensity of parasites in wild hosts varies across space and is a key
determinant of infection risk in humans, domestic animals and threatened wildlife. Because …

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) flexibility is an emerging concept recognizing
that individuals that will cope best with stressors will probably be those using their hormones …

The concept of stress is notoriously difficult to define, despite its ubiquity in both common
parlance and the scientific literature. Given the clear importance of understanding how …

Rates of human-induced environmental change continue increasing with human population
size, potentially altering animal physiology and negatively affecting wildlife. Researchers …

Applying physiological tools, knowledge and concepts to understand conservation problems
(ie conservation physiology) has become commonplace and confers an ability to understand …

As humans alter landscapes worldwide, land and wildlife managers need reliable tools to
assess and monitor responses of wildlife populations. Glucocorticoid (GC) hormone levels …

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are metabolic hormones that regulate physiological and behavioural
responses to environmental change and mediate homeostasis maintenance in vertebrates …

Phylogenetically controlled studies across multiple species correct for taxonomic confounds
in physiological performance traits. Therefore, they are preferred over comparisons of two or …

The immune system is the primary barrier to parasite infection, replication, and transmission
following exposure, and variation in immunity can accordingly manifest in heterogeneity in …

Animals face several challenges in their natural environment, and to cope with such
conditions, they may exhibit contrasting physiological responses that directly affect their …