Dermatomyositis (DM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy that is clinically
heterogeneous and that can be difficult to diagnose. Cutaneous manifestations sometimes …

PTPN22 encodes a tyrosine phosphatase that is expressed by haematopoietic cells and
functions as a key regulator of immune homeostasis by inhibiting T-cell receptor signalling …

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a heterogenous family of diseases that can
affect the muscles, skin, lungs, and joints. There have been prior attempts to classify IIMs …

The complement system consists of effector proteins, regulators, and receptors that
participate in host defense against pathogens. Activation of the complement system, via the …

Autoimmune diseases develop as a result of chronic inflammation owing to interactions
between genes and the environment. However, the mechanisms by which autoimmune …

The complement system is an ancient and evolutionary conserved element of the innate
immune mechanism. It comprises of more than 20 serum proteins most of which are …

Autoimmune diseases affect up to 10% of the world's population and, as a whole, they are
far more common in females, although differences exist according to the single disease and …

Objectives The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a heterogeneous group of rare
autoimmune diseases characterised by muscle weakness and extramuscular manifestations …

The aim of this review was to summarize recent advances in the understanding of the
clinical and autoantibody phenotypes, their associated outcomes and the pathogenesis of …

Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive
dermatomyositis (MDA5-DM) is a subtype of dermatomyositis. Although the aetiology and …