Fish encounter harsh ionic/osmotic gradients on their aquatic environments, and the
mechanisms through which they maintain internal homeostasis are more challenging …

Compared to terrestrial animals, fish have to cope with more-challenging osmotic and ionic
gradients from aquatic environments with diverse salinities, ion compositions, and pH …

Ammonia excretion at the gills of fish has been studied for 80 years, but the mechanism (s)
involved remain controversial. The relatively recent discovery of the ammonia-transporting …

The mammalian Slc4 (Solute carrier 4) family of transporters is a functionally diverse group
of 10 multi-spanning membrane proteins that includes three Cl-HCO3 exchangers (AE1–3) …

In the 1930s, August Krogh, Homer Smith, and Ancel Keys knew that teleost fishes were
hyperosmotic to fresh water and hyposmotic to seawater, and, therefore, they were …

Freshwater fishes lose ions to the external medium owing to the steep concentration
gradients between the body fluids and the water. To maintain homeostasis, they use …

Anthropogenic sources increase freshwater salinity and produce differences in constituent
ions compared with natural waters. Moreover, ions differ in physiological roles and …

Transepithelial transport is one of the major processes involved in the mechanism of
homeostasis of body fluids in vertebrates including fish. The current models of ion regulation …

In mammalian nephrons, most of the Na+ and HCO3− is reabsorbed by proximal tubular
cells in which the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) is the major player. The roles of NHEs in Na+ …

Life in fresh water is osmotically and energetically challenging for living organisms, requiring
increases in ion uptake from dilute environments. However, mechanisms of ion uptake from …