The catecholamine norepinephrine (NE) links hindbrain metabolic-sensory neurons with key
glucostatic control structures in the brain, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus …

Nerve injuries and lesions often lead to the loss of neural control, reducing the patients'
quality of lives. Nerve self-repair is difficult due to the low regeneration capacity, insufficient …

The counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia (CRR), which ensures a sufficient glucose
supply to the brain, is an essential survival function. It is orchestrated by incompletely …

Background: Blood glucose and insulin exhibit coordinated daily and hourly rhythms in
people without diabetes (nonT1D). Although the presence and stability of these rhythms are …

Background Estrogen promotes glucose homeostasis, enhances insulin sensitivity, and
maintains counter regulatory responses in recurrent hypoglycemia in women of reproductive …

Catecholamine (CA) neurons within the A1 and C1 cell groups in the ventrolateral medulla
(VLM) potently increase food intake when activated by glucose deficit. In contrast, CA …

The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) glucoregulatory neurotransmitters γ-
aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitric oxide (NO) signal adjustments in glycogen mobilization …

Hindbrain A2 noradrenergic neurons integrate estrogenic and metabolic signals. In female
mammals, negative-versus positive-feedback patterns of estradiol (E) secretion impose …

The hindbrain dorsal vagal complex (DVC) receives sensory energy information, projects
the integrated information to forebrain area to control energy balance. The A2 cell group of …

Hindbrain dorsal vagal complex (DVC) metabolic-sensory A2 noradrenergic neurons
innervate the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN), a critical component of the neural …