It is well established that decreases in plasma leptin levels, as with fasting, signal starvation
and elicit appropriate physiological responses, such as increasing the drive to eat and …

Sex-based differences in cardiovascular disease presentation, diagnosis, and response to
therapies are well established, but mechanistic understanding and translation to clinical …

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a complex, sex specific and highly heterogeneous
group of respiratory disorders. Nevertheless, sleep fragmentation and repeated fluctuations …

Abstract Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the
hypothalamus (ARC) are considered a major site of leptin action. Due to increasing …

The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis is involved in metabolic
control. Malnutrition reduces IGF-I and modifies the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose …

Obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in men, but not women. Here, we review
current evidence suggesting that sexually dimorphic sympathoexcitatory responses to leptin …

Background An imbalance of adipokines, hormones secreted by white adipose tissue, is
suggested to play a role in the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). In people with …

Several studies have demonstrated that heavy metals disrupt energy homeostasis. Leptin
inhibits food intake and decreases body weight through activation of its receptor in the …

Age-related obesity significantly increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2
diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and certain cancers. The insulin–leptin …

Human variants of the adapter protein SH2B1 are associated with severe childhood obesity,
hyperphagia, and insulin resistance—phenotypes mimicked by mice lacking Sh2b1 …