Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of highly reactive ions and molecules, are
increasingly being appreciated as powerful signaling molecules involved in the regulation of …

Oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced protein synthesis, and
increased proteolysis are all critical factors in the process of muscle atrophy. In particular …

Excessive chlorpyrifos (CPF) in the environment causes toxicity to nontarget organisms by
triggering oxidative stress. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten …

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread contaminant in human and animal food
products. Previous studies in rats revealed that melatonin (Mel) exhibits a preventive effect …

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
(PI3K)/protein kinase B or Akt (PKB/Akt) signaling pathways are considered as two but …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-degradation system that recycles cellular
components and damaged organelles, which is critical for the maintenance of cellular …

Abstract Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), a common air pollutant and toxic gas, is detrimental to
organisms and the environment. Exposure to highly concentrated H 2 S can induce …

Osteosarcoma is a common primary malignant bone tumor, the cure rate of which has
stagnated over the past 25–30 years. Arsenic sulfide (As 2 S 2), the main active ingredient of …

Of late, nimbolide, a limonoid from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) has gained increasing
research attention owing to its potent antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects. The …

Abstract The xenoestrogen 4-nonylphenol (NP) induces reproductive dysfunction of male
rats, but the fundamental mechanism of this phenomenon is largely unexplored. Sertoli cells …