Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and
chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they …

Introduction Pain treatment is best performed when a patient-centric, safety-based
philosophy is used to determine an algorithmic process to guide care. Since 2007, the …

BACKGROUND: The intrathecal morphine dose achieving optimal analgesia for cesarean
delivery while minimizing side effects has not yet been deduced. In this meta-analysis, our …

The majority of women undergoing cesarean delivery in the United States receive neuraxial
morphine, the most effective form of postoperative analgesia for this surgery. Current …

Morphine exhibits important pharmacological effects for which it has been used in medical
practice for quite a long time. However, it has a high addictive potential and can be abused …

Introduction Intrathecal (IT) drug infusion is an appropriate and necessary tool in the
algorithm to treat refractory cancer and noncancer pain. The decision-making …

Abstract Purpose of Review The field of regional anesthesia has evolved tremendously in
the last 15 years. New anesthesia protocols for ambulatory surgery and enhanced recovery …

Methods: Literature searches were performed using PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Review,
and Google Scholar without publication date limits. Of 264,617 articles' titles screened and …

Importance A key objective in contemporary surgery is to reduce or eliminate the usage of
opioids to minimize gastrointestinal adverse effects, fatigue, and long-term opioid …

Neuraxial drug administration, ie, the injection of drugs into the epidural or intrathecal space
to produce anesthesia or analgesia, is a technique developed more than 120 years ago …