The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

The Ras/Raf/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway plays a crucial
role in almost all cell functions and therefore requires exquisite control of its spatiotemporal …

For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity
only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome …

The primary function of neutrophils in host defense is to contain and eradicate invading
microbial pathogens. This is achieved through a series of swift and highly coordinated …

Oxygen administration is uniformly used in emergency and intensive care medicine and has
life-saving potential in critical conditions. However, excessive oxygenation also has …

In clinical settings, oxygen therapy is administered to preterm neonates and to adults with
acute and chronic conditions such as COVID-19, pulmonary fibrosis, sepsis, cardiac arrest …

One reason why pancreatic cancer is so aggressive and unresponsive to treatments is its
resistance to apoptosis. We report here that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a …

Acute and chronic lung injuries are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Lung
injury can affect several components of the respiratory system, including the airways …

Mammalian cells have divergent responses to varying oxygen levels. Cells exposed to low
oxygen levels (hypoxia) activate the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) as …

Although hyperoxia has not been conclusively identified as a clinically important cause of
lung injury in humans, animal data strongly implicate it. Reports of interaction effects …