Music has cognitive, psychosocial, behavioral and motor benefits for people with
neurological disorders such as dementia, stroke, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Autism …

In this review we will critically assess the hypothesis that the reinforcing effect of virtually all
drugs of abuse is primarily dependent on activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system …

We used positron emission tomography to study neural mechanisms underlying intensely
pleasant emotional responses to music. Cerebral blood flow changes were measured in …

Cannabinoids have a long history of consumption for recreational and medical reasons. The
primary active constituent of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

Nicotine reinforces smoking behavior by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
(nAChRs) in the midbrain dopaminergic (DA) reward centers, including the ventral …

A single nicotine exposure increases dopamine levels in the mesolimbic reward system for
hours, but nicotine concentrations experienced by smokers desensitize nAChRs on …

Experimental impairment of dopamine function by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions or by
dopamine receptor antagonists shows that dopamine is involved in nicotine's discriminative …

The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic accumulation of evidence indicating that
the excitatory amino acid glutamate plays an important role in drug addiction and …

Tobacco smoking results in more than five million deaths each year and accounts for∼ 90%
of all deaths from lung cancer. Nicotine, the major reinforcing component of tobacco smoke …