Implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS) are an attractive alternative to conventional drug
administration routes. Oral and injectable drug administration are the most common routes …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing has recently appeared as one of the most
promising additive manufacturing techniques to fabricate 3D objects, with uses spanning …

Three-dimensional printing enables precise modeling of anatomical structures and has
been employed in a broad range of applications across medicine. Its earliest use in eye care …

Purpose Due to the inimitable anatomical structure of the eyeball and various physiological
barriers, conventional ocular local administration is often complicated by apparent …

Biomaterials denoting self‐healing and versatile structural integrity are highly curious in the
biomedicine segment. The injectable and/or printable 3D printing technology is explored in …

The regulation of cellular behavior within a three-dimensional (3D) environment to execute a
specific function remains a challenge in the field of tissue engineering. In native tissues …

Encapsulated cell technology (ECT) is a targeted delivery method that uses the genetically
engineered cells in semipermeable polymer capsules to deliver cytokines. Thus far, ECT …

With 4D printing, time is treated as the fourth dimension, allowing printed structures to
change their form independently. These products, created from “smart materials,” respond to …

Retinal degenerative diseases (RDDs) cause irreversible blindness and affect≈ 285 million
individuals worldwide. The unavailability of treatment to stop the progression of RDDs or …

Retinal cells are irreparably damaged by diseases such as age-related macular
degeneration (AMD). A promising method to restore partial or whole vision is through cell …