The encoded biosynthesis of proteins provides the ultimate paradigm for high-fidelity
synthesis of long polymers of defined sequence and composition, but it is limited to …

Nature uses a limited, conservative set of amino acids to synthesize proteins. The ability to
genetically encode an expanded set of building blocks with new chemical and physical …

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are an essential and universally distributed family of
enzymes that plays a critical role in protein synthesis, pairing tRNAs with their cognate …

Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

The genetic code of living cells has been reprogrammed to enable the site-specific
incorporation of hundreds of non-canonical amino acids into proteins, and the encoded …

Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular
level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for …

Over the last decade, the ability to genetically encode unnatural amino acids (UAAs) has
evolved rapidly. The programmed incorporation of UAAs into recombinant proteins relies on …

The direct genetically encoded cell-based synthesis of non-natural peptide and
depsipeptide macrocycles is an outstanding challenge. Here we programme the encoded …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

The development of new orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs has led to the
addition of approximately 70 unnatural amino acids (UAAs) to the genetic codes of …