Landscape epidemiology describes how the temporal dynamics of host, vector, and
pathogen populations interact spatially within a permissive environment to enable …

The potential for transport and dissemination of certain pathogenic microorganisms by
migratory birds is of concern. Migratory birds might be involved in dispersal of …

West Nile (WN) virus is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus. It is widely distributed in Africa, the
Middle East, Asia, and southern Europe and was recently introduced to North America. Birds …

The emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) in eastern North America in 1999 was a major
event in modern arbovirology, not because of its disease impact or the potential threat it …

Among animal viruses, arboviruses are unique in that they depend on arthropod vectors for
transmission. Field research and laboratory investigations related to the three components …

ABSTRACT Introduction of West Nile (WN) virus into the United States in 1999 created major
human and animal health concerns. Currently, no human or veterinary vaccine is available …

Avian models of West Nile virus (WNV) disease have become pivotal in the study of infection
pathogenesis and transmission, despite the intrinsic constraints that represents this type of …

The introduction, dispersal and establishment of West Nile virus in North America were
reviewed, focusing on factors that may have enhanced receptivity and enabled the invasion …

Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018.
Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early …

West Nile virus, first isolated in 1937, is among the earliest arthropod‐borne viruses
discovered by humans. Its broad geographical distribution, not uncommon infection of …