Studies on host-parasite systems as bioindicators for monitoring trace metal pollution in
marine environments are still scarce. Here, 11, 14 and 17 infrapopulations of Gyliauchen …

Phenotypic plasticity can enable organisms to produce optimal phenotypes in multiple
environments. A crucial life history trait that is often highly plastic is sex allocation, which in …

Hermaphroditic animals face the fundamental evolutionary optimization problem of
allocating their resources to their male vs. female reproductive function (eg testes and sperm …

Parasitism has independently evolved multiple times across the entire tree of life, and there
are numerous parasitic representatives from every major eukaryote kingdom. In animals …

This study was carried on 140 marine fishes 50 Saurida undosquamis, 40 Scombermorus
commerson and 50 Siganus rivulatus which were randomly collected from Al-Adabia, Red …

The evolutionary consequences of changes in the complex life cycles of parasites are not
limited to the traits that directly affect transmission. For instance, mating systems that are …

During a recent survey on digenean parasites infecting marine fish captured from water
located along the Red Sea off Gizan Coasts, Saudi Arabia, thirty-two (29.09%) out of 110 …

In small samples of the siganid fishes Siganus rivulatus Forsskål et Niebuhr and S. luridus
Rüppel (Teleostei) from off the Saudi coast of the Red Sea, some individuals of each fish …

Simultaneous hermaphrodites maximize their fitness by optimizing their investment into
male or female functions. Allocation of resources to male function (tissues, traits, and/or …

The study of factors that underlie parasite fauna has received increased research attention
in the last decade. The host and parasite have often co-evolved over a long time, which …