Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released into the extracellular milieu by
cells of various origins. They contain different biological cargoes, protecting them from …

Transformation is one mode of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria, wherein
extracellular naked DNA is taken up by cells that have developed genetic competence …

The limited penetration depth of external excitation light would remarkably impair the
therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and its clinical utilization. Herein, we …

The use of appropriately designed immunotherapeutic bacteria is an appealing approach to
tumor therapy because the bacteria specifically target tumor tissue and deliver therapeutic …

Almost 40 years ago the first transgenic plant was generated through Agrobacterium
tumefaciens-mediated transformation, which, until now, remains the method of choice for …

The common occurrence of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) originating from pathogenic
and facultative pathogenic bacteria pose a high risk to aquatic environments. Low removal …

Gene therapy is emerging as a viable option for clinical therapy of monogenic disorders and
other genetically defined diseases, with approved gene therapies available in Europe and …

Exosomes are the smallest subtype of mobile extracellular vesicles (EVs), and round sacs
with a diameter between 30 and 120 nm are released by almost all cell types into the …

Digital microfluidics (DMF) represents an alternative to the conventional microfluidic
paradigm of transporting fluids in enclosed channels. One of the major benefits of DMF is …

ABSTRACT DNA cloning requires two steps: the assembly of recombinant DNA molecules
and the transformation of the product into a host organism for replication. High efficiencies in …