Tundra vegetation productivity and composition are responding rapidly to climatic changes
in the Arctic. These changes can, in turn, mitigate or amplify permafrost thaw. In this Review …

As the Arctic warms, vegetation is responding, and satellite measures indicate widespread
greening at high latitudes. This 'greening of the Arctic'is among the world's most important …

Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation
determines ground temperature, light conditions, and moisture availability during winter. It …

Global climate is changing faster than humankind has ever experienced. Model-based
predictions of future climate are becoming more complex and precise, but they still lack …

Recent research using repeat photography, long-term ecological monitoring and
dendrochronology has documented shrub expansion in arctic, high-latitude and alpine …

This study compiles and summarizes the existing knowledge about observed and projected
impacts of climate change on forests in Europe. Forests will have to adapt not only to …

Growing recognition of the importance of climate extremes as drivers of contemporary and
future ecological dynamics has led to increasing interest in studying these locally and …

We review the evidence of how organisms and populations are currently responding to
climate change through phenotypic plasticity, genotypic evolution, changes in distribution …

Climate extremes, such as severe drought, heat waves and periods of heavy rainfall, can
have profound consequences for ecological systems and for human welfare. Global climate …

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is a minor fraction of the solar spectrum reaching the ground
surface. In this assessment we summarize the results of previous work on the effects of the …