Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …

We take for granted the ability to fall asleep or to snap out of sleep into wakefulness, but
these changes in behavioral state require specific switching mechanisms in the brain that …

Most organisms display endogenously produced∼ 24-hour fluctuations in physiology and
behavior, termed circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are driven by a transcriptional …

The circadian system of mammals is composed of a hierarchy of oscillators that function at
the cellular, tissue, and systems levels. A common molecular mechanism underlies the cell …

There is considerable epidemiological evidence that shift work is associated with increased
risk for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, perhaps the result of physiologic …

The discovery of the genetic basis for circadian rhythms has expanded our knowledge of the
temporal organization of behavior and physiology. The observations that the circadian gene …

Food intake follows a predictable daily pattern and synchronizes metabolic rhythms.
Neurons expressing agouti-related protein (AgRP) read out physiological energetic state …

Sleep and wakefulness are regulated to occur at appropriate times that are in accordance
with our internal and external environments. Avoiding danger and finding food, which are life …

The “ascending reticular activating system” theory proposed that neurons in the upper
brainstem reticular formation projected to forebrain targets that promoted wakefulness. More …