Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is the archetypal polypeptide precursor of hormones and
neuropeptides. In this review, we examine the variability in the individual peptides produced …

Natural products found in Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom, represent
diverse scaffolds (indole, indolenine, and spiro pseudoindoxyl) with opioid activity, providing …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Despite the wealth of sequence data available from human, mouse and other genomes, our
understanding of the mechanisms involved in regulating transcription and creating protein …

There is a vast amount of pharmacological evidence favouring the existence of multiple
subtypes of opioid receptors. In addition to the primary classification of µ (mu: MOP), δ (delta …

The concept of multiple opioid receptors has changed dramatically since their initial
proposal by Martin nearly 40 years ago. Three major opioid receptor families have now …

Opioids have an important place in pharmacology. While their clinical use as analgesics is
fundamental in medicine, their use is constrained by their side-effects and abuse potential …

Opioids provide excellent pain relief in most patients. Yet the responses of patients to
individual opioids can vary markedly, even among the μ opioids. Understanding this …

This invited review, based on the receipt of the Third Gayle A. Olson and Richard D. Olson
Prize for the publication of the outstanding behavioral article published in the journal …

Opioid receptors (ORs) are undisputed targets for the treatment of pain. Unfortunately,
targeting these receptors therapeutically poses significant challenges including addiction …