Zoos and aquariums have evolved significantly. From their origins as enclosures for the
mere entertainment of the public, these institutions have undertaken new functions …

Affective states, such as emotions, are presumably widespread across the animal kingdom
because of the adaptive advantages they are supposed to confer. However, the study of the …

Enclosure use assessments have gained popularity as one of the tools for animal welfare
assessments and Post Occupancy Evaluations. There are now a plethora of studies and …

Simple Summary Behavioral diversity is sometimes used by animal scientists to better
understand and compare how animals behave. The methods used in behavioral diversity …

Simple Summary Birds of a whole range of species are housed in zoological collections
globally; they are some of the most frequently seen of species in animal populations kept …

Reptiles and amphibians have been maintained in large collections with increasing
frequency over the last 20 years, which is due to their popularity in the pet trade, increased …

The hygiene hypothesis, according to which the recent reduction of exposure to infectious
agents in the human species would be the origin of various diseases, including autoimmune …

From its foundations in agricultural science, zoo animal nutrition has developed into a
biologically informed, evidence-based discipline. However, some facets of nutrition still …

Science‐based management confers a variety of benefits to wildlife populations that are
cooperatively managed by zoos and aquariums, including those managed through the …

In zoos and aquariums globally, studbooks provide a format by which threatened or
important species populations can be carefully managed. These documents can be used to …