Women constitute half of the world's population, yet neuroscience research does not serve
the sexes equally. Fifty years of preclinical animal evidence documents the tightly-coupled …

Unlike that of mammals, the brain of teleost fish exhibits an intense aromatase activity due to
the strong expression of one of two aromatase genes (aromatase A or cyp19a1a and …

Sexual and asexual reproduction are found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms.
Asexual reproduction has its advantages, chief among which is that it does not require the …

The effects of androgen on the density of spine synapses on pyramidal neurons in the CA1
area of the hippocampus were studied in male rats. Gonadectomy (GDNX) had no …

Hippocampal atrophy is found in many psychiatric disorders that are more prevalent in
women. Sex differences in memory and spatial skills further suggest that males and females …

Gonadal hormones modulate neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of adult rodents in
complex ways. Estradiol, the most potent estrogen, initially enhances and subsequently …

Neuroecology is the study of adaptive variation in cognition and the brain. The origin of
neuroecology dates from the 1980s, when researchers in behavioral ecology began to apply …

Estradiol has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, and acute estradiol treatment
enhances hippocampal neurogenesis in the female brain. However, little is known about the …

Publisher Summary This chapter reveals that seasonal phenotypes in behavior and
physiology are legion; many reflect adaptations to matching environmental periodicities, and …

The rhythmic production of sex steroid hormones is a central feature of the mammalian
endocrine system. In rodents and nonhuman primates, sex hormones are powerful …