The epithelial cell–derived cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, and IL-25
are central regulators of type 2 immunity, which drives a broad array of allergic responses …

Immune response in the asthmatic respiratory tract is mainly driven by CD4+ T helper (Th)
cells, represented by Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, especially Th2 cells. Asthma is a …

Human lungs enable efficient gas exchange and form an interface with the environment,
which depends on mucosal immunity for protection against infectious agents. Tightly …

Eosinophilic esophagitis is an emerging disease that is distinguished from
gastroesophageal reflux disease by the expression of a unique esophageal transcriptome …

CD4+ T cells are crucial for directing appropriate immune responses during host defense
and for the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. In addition to the classical biphasic …

Allergen-specific type 2 helper T (TH2) cells play a central role in initiating and orchestrating
the allergic and asthmatic inflammatory response pathways. One major factor limiting the …

Helper T (Th) cell subsets direct immune responses by producing signature cytokines. Th2
cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are important in humoral immunity and protection …

CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response by providing
help to B cells and cytotoxic T cells and by releasing different types of cytokines in tissues to …

IL-6 excess is central to the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory conditions and is targeted
in clinical practice by immunotherapy that blocks the IL-6 receptor encoded by IL6R. We …

Until the past year, our therapeutic armamentarium for treating atopic dermatitis (AD) was
still primarily topical corticosteroids and, for more severe disease, systemic …