Abstract Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced in gut endocrine cells and in the
brain, and acts through hormonal and neural pathways to regulate islet function, satiety, and …

The complex bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain is finely
orchestrated by different systems, including the endocrine, immune, autonomic, and enteric …

Growing evidence indicates that the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) system is involved in
the neurobiology of addictive behaviors, and GLP-1 analogues may be used for the …

Diabetes mellitus is one of the major risk factors for cognitive dysfunction. The pathogenesis
of brain impairment caused by chronic hyperglycemia is complex and includes …

Neuropeptides are important mediators both within the nervous system and between
neurons and other cell types. Neuropeptides such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related …

GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is widely located throughout the brain, but the precise molecular
mechanisms mediating the actions of GLP-1 and its long-acting analogs on adipose tissue …

The survival and well-being of all species requires appropriate physiological responses to
environmental and homeostatic challenges. The re-establishment and maintenance of …

Adipose tissue plays a central role in regulating whole-body energy and glucose
homeostasis through its subtle functions at both organ and systemic levels. On one hand …

The gut–brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain.
Four information carriers (vagal and spinal afferent neurons, immune mediators such as …

The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis represents a complex neuroendocrine
feedback loop controlling the secretion of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. Central to its …