Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important starter, commensal, or pathogenic microorganisms.
The stress physiology of LAB has been studied in depth for over 2 decades, fueled mostly by …

In the ancient anaerobic environment, ferrous iron (Fe2+) was one of the first metal
cofactors. Oxygenation of the ancient world challenged bacteria to acquire the insoluble …

Microbes rely upon iron as a cofactor for many enzymes in their central metabolic processes.
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide and hydrogen peroxide react rapidly with …

Streptococci readily colonize mucosal tissues in the nasopharynx; the respiratory,
gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts; and the skin. Each ecological niche presents a …

Iron is both an essential nutrient for the growth of microorganisms, as well as a dangerous
metal due to its capacity to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Fenton reaction …

Exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a fact of life for aerobic organisms as well as
anaerobes that experience transient exposure to oxygen. Aerobic bacteria produce them as …

The abundance of oxidants and reductants must be balanced for an organism to thrive.
Bacteria have evolved methods to prevent redox imbalances and to mitigate their …

Streptococcus pneumoniae, an aerotolerant anaerobe, is an important human pathogen that
regularly encounters toxic oxygen radicals from the atmosphere and from the host …

SUMMARY Group A Streptococcus (GAS), also known as Streptococcus pyogenes, is a
clinically well-adapted human pathogen that harbors rich virulence determinants …

Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), is an exclusively
human Gram-positive bacterial pathogen ranked among the 'top 10'causes of infection …