The striatal and pallidal complexes are basal ganglia structures that orchestrate learning
and execution of flexible behavior. Models of how the basal ganglia subserve these …

The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia has been underappreciated owing
to poor understanding of its cells and circuits. It was assumed that the GPe consisted of a …

Symptoms of neurological diseases emerge through the dysfunction of neural circuits whose
diffuse and intertwined architectures pose serious challenges for delivering therapies. Deep …

Optogenetic stimulation of Adora2a receptor-expressing spiny projection neurons (A2A-
SPNs) in the striatum drives locomotor suppression and transient punishment, results …

The interconnected nuclei of the ventral basal ganglia have long been identified as key
regulators of motivated behavior, and dysfunction of this circuit is strongly implicated in …

Dopamine (DA) loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) causes debilitating motor deficits.
However, dopamine is also widely linked to reward prediction and learning, and the …

The external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) has long been considered a
homogeneous structure that receives inputs from the striatum and sends processed …

We have previously established that PV+ neurons and Npas1+ neurons are distinct neuron
classes in the external globus pallidus (GPe): they have different topographical …

Altered activity of the ventral pallidum (VP) underlies disrupted motivation in stress and drug
exposure. The VP is a very heterogeneous structure composed of many neuron types with …

In the classical model of the basal ganglia, direct pathway striatal projection neurons
(dSPNs) send projections to the substantia nigra (SNr) and entopeduncular nucleus to …