Craniofacial malformations are involved in three fourths of all congenital birth defects in
humans, affecting the development of head, face, or neck. Tremendous progress in the study …

The embryonic head is populated by two robust mesenchymal populations, paraxial
mesoderm and neural crest cells. Although the developmental histories of each are distinct …

The neural crest is a stem population critical for development of the vertebrate craniofacial
skeleton and peripheral ganglia. Neural crest cells originate along the border between the …

Spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele are commonly grouped together and termed
neural tube defects (NTD). Failure of closure of the neural tube during development results …

The vertebrate upper lip forms from initially freely projecting maxillary, medial nasal, and
lateral nasal prominences at the rostral and lateral boundaries of the primitive oral cavity …

Migration of neural crest cells is an elaborate process that requires the delamination of cells
from an epithelium and cell movement into an extracellular matrix. In this work, it is shown for …

No region of our anatomy more powerfully conveys our emotions nor elicits more profound
reactions when disease or genetic disorders disfigure it than the face. Recent progress has …

The neural crest is induced by a combination of secreted signals. Although previous models
of neural crest induction have proposed a step-wise activation of these signals, the actual …

During neural crest ontogeny, an epithelial to mesenchymal transition is necessary for cell
emigration from the dorsal neural tube. This process is likely to involve a network of gene …

Colonization of trunk neural crest derivatives in avians follows a ventral to dorsal order
beginning with sympathetic ganglia, Schwann cells, sensory ganglia and finally …