Background The aim of this systematic review was (1) to identify the brain regions involved
in anxiety in Parkinson's disease (PD) based on neuroimaging studies and (2) to interpret …

The interconnected nuclei of the ventral basal ganglia have long been identified as key
regulators of motivated behavior, and dysfunction of this circuit is strongly implicated in …

The ventral pallidum (VP) lies at the interface between sensory, motor, and cognitive
processing—with a particular role in mounting behavioral responses to rewards. Though the …

The ventral pallidum (VP) is critical for invigorating reward seeking and is also involved in
punishment avoidance, but how it contributes to such opposing behavioral actions remains …

The ventral pallidum (VP) contains GABA and glutamate neurons projecting to ventral
tegmental area (VTA) whose stimulation drives approach and avoidance, respectively. Yet …

Background The ability to appropriately integrate and respond to rewarding and aversive
stimuli is essential for survival. The ventral pallidum (VP) plays a critical role in processing …

Avoiding stimuli that predict danger is required for survival. However, avoidance can
become maladaptive in individuals who overestimate threat and thus avoid safe situations …

Highlights•Avoidance research stalled amid debates about fear, reinforcement and
Pavlovian control.•Recent neurobehavioral data are inconsistent with a Pavlovian flight …

Anhedonia is an elusive symptom in depression symptomatology. The present review
frames the notion of anhedonia as reduced ability to experience pleasure and diminished …

Pursuing rewards while avoiding danger is an essential function of any nervous system.
Here, we examine a new mechanism helping rats negotiate the balance between risk and …