The etiology of neurodegenerative diseases remains enigmatic; however, evidence for
defects in energy metabolism, excitotoxicity, and for oxidative damage is increasingly …

Glutamic acid is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous
system. Glutamic acid binds to a variety of excitatory amino acid receptors, which are ligand …

Extracellular concentrations of the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, and
related excitatory amino acids are maintained at relatively low levels to ensure an …

Research into the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease has been rapidly advanced by the
development of animal models. Initial models were developed by using toxins that …

▪ Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) regulates numerous physiological processes, including
neurotransmission, smooth muscle contractility, platelet reactivity, and the cytotoxic activity of …

Dopamine deficiency causes disinhibition and overactivity of the subthalamic nucleus (STN).
Output neurons from the STN are excitatory and use glutamate as a neurotransmitter. They …

The pathogenesis of nerve cell death in neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. An
attractive hypothesis is that an impairment of energy metabolism may underlie slow …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms
including tremor and bradykinesia. The primary pathophysiology underlying PD is the …

The pharmacological inhibition of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission has evolved to
be a major topic in neuropharmacology since enhanced synaptic action of glutamate and …

This study was undertaken to determine whether 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α, 25-(OH)
2D3], an active metabolite of vitamin D, protects dopaminergic neurons against the …